The victim was therefore defined taxonomically. Pirate is the most general of the four terms. Even Gilbert Joseph, who defends to a degree Hobsbawm's views, agrees that the political strategies of the peasants were not archaic "in the sense of being outmoded or pre-political.". Furthermore, a group of young hares is often called leverets. Christon Archer coined the term "guerrilla bandits" to describe opportunists who used war as an excuse to pillage. Lampio (Virgolino Ferreira da Silva) and Antnio Silvino in Brazil, Po Romero in Bolivia, and Manuel Garca in Cuba became symbols of popular resistance to oppression. [8] Tong analyzes that the peasants had to make a "rational choice" between surviving harsh conditions and surviving through illegal activities of banditry. 27 Apr. [37] The rebellion took the Ming almost two years to crush. The parallels between bandits and saints, and the linkage in the literature between bandits and monks, are not fortuitous, either in terms of the social conditions that gave rise to banditry or in terms of the iconography and models of suffering. See more. "The 'Noble Bandit' and the Bandits of the Nobles: Brigandage and Local Community in Nineteenth-Century Andalusia." Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). [20] Robinson points out that "dire economic straits" forced soldiers to use illegal means to make a living. They took to the hills to right some personal wrong, becoming the noble robber. Murphy, Agnes Genevieve. Other famous bandits of the eighteenth century were Nickel List, who was active around 1700 in North Germany, and Lips Tullian, who committed most of his crimes in the Saxon region of Germany. What is a Group of Rabbits Called? Consequently, it is difficult at the local level to distinguish those acts that can be called personal (such as a vendetta over a matter of honor) from those that can be labeled political (such as protecting the political interests of the elite). Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. COW-PUNCHER: Also called Buckaroo, Cow Poke, Waddie, Cowboy, and in Spanish a "Vaquero". Where there was no (state) law, Rousseau discerned justice; where the people were oppressed, Rousseau anticipated freedom; where the ancien rgime recognized anarchic, bloodthirsty bandits, he discerned exemplary citizens capable of discipline. London, 1971. Such profiteers formed whatever alliances they deemed useful. They exhibited little loyalty and switched sides according to their assessment of the best potential profit. Parish Mass on the Fourth Sunday after Easter. (30th April 2023 Blok, Anton. Blok and others interpreted it in instrumental terms: violence ensures peasant submission. Regl, Joan. role in Jewish history In Judaism: New parties and sects The Sicarii (Assassins), so-called because of the daggers ( sica) they carried, arose about 54 ce, according to Josephus, as a group of bandits who kidnapped or murdered those who had found a modus vivendi with the Romans. We know that a woman called Mara Bonita died with Lampio in a hail of gunfire in 1938. . Comparative Studies in Society and History 14 (1972): 494503. Indeed, the records sometimes confirm the image, insofar as it represents reality and not wishful thinking on the one side and social prejudices on the other. Either they became symbols of betrayal by more powerful vested interests, or the violence of their executions, and the disassembly of their bodies as public spectacle, demonstrated the irrepressible power of the state over the individual. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Hobsbawm tended to an expressive interpretation. bandit noun [ C ] us / bn.dt / uk / bn.dt / a thief with a weapon, especially one belonging to a group that attacks people traveling through the countryside Synonym brigand literary SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases Murderers & attackers abductor assailant assassin attacker basher butcher cyberbully death squad gunman highwayman In the latter, banditry appears to have been more resilient, especially where a combination of external factors militated against turning pastoralists into peasants. Passive complicity consisted of a series of unconnected individual acceptances of the status quo and served to conceal illegal violent acts. Barkey, Karen. Molfese, Franco. Marco Sciarra, the famous Neapolitan brigand chief of the 1590s, declared himself a "scourge of God and envoy of God against usurers and the possessors of unproductive wealth" (quoted in Hobsbawm, p. 98). Translated by Sergio Waisman. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Inchiesta in Sicilia. The myth of banditry may well, therefore, have a double function. At other times, outlaw pirates would operate with the tacit encouragement of a government but without the written legal authorization given to privateers. For animals with multiple potential group names, weve bolded the most common that you might encounter. I want to receive exclusive email updates from YourDictionary. In certain situations peasants may have preferred the traditional depredations of pastoral bandits to the more extensive, sustained ones of the state, such as taxes, and in other situations the depredations of the potentates' henchmen may have been protected by powerful national interests. And with that comes plenty of collective nouns for each of those exoskeletal creatures, from armies to clouds. New York, 1968. Its hard to say if lions are actually proud or what that even means to them, but pride was actually a pretty archaic term for a social unit of lions (back when they were spelledlyons). The term bandit (introduced to English via Italian around 1776) originates with the early Germanic legal practice of outlawing criminals, termed *bamnan (English ban). Banditry in Islam: Case Studies from Morocco, Algeria, and the PakistanNorth West Frontier. Encyclopedia of European Social History. In one occasion, the influential eunuch Zhang Zhong helped his sworn brother Zhang Mao to negotiate with a commander sent to hunt down local bandits. However, if you ever see a bunch of birds and cant identify the species, you can always refer to them as a flock without much issue. Cowboy's Glossary of Terms - People & The Land He identifies multiple important factors in peasants' calculation of whether to become bandits or not, such as the government's ability to punish bandits. See also Crime and Punishment ; Vagrants and Beggars . "Banditry Revenge in kind is threatened by the family who made the initial slight. The German equivalent to Dick Turpin is Johann Bckler (17831803), alias Schinderhannes (John the Knacker). Previously bandits were seen as "barbarians" with whom one could coexist, inhabiting the same time, and whose criminality was predictable but religiously condemnable. Although it would be simplistic to attribute the decline of banditry in the modern world to the state's increasing monopoly of violence, this is certainly important. And the gauchos of the Argentine plains often turned into outlaws after killing someone in a knife fight. E for Eagles In Corsica, for example, many bandits were obliged to rely on the support of family and kin and thus soon found themselves further enmeshed in family feuds. A bandit typically belongs to a gang of bandits who commit crimes in remote, lawless, or out-of-the-way places. However, if youre in doubt, you can always stick with herd or group. In mountainous areas of early modern Spain, banditry and brigandage remained a continual phenomenon throughout the period under discussion. Encyclopedia.com. Many bandit groups plagued rural areas, but towns and cities could also be the haunt of the medieval gangster. Sicarii | Jewish sect | Britannica In his Contrat social (social contract; 1762) the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau singled out the Corsicans in Europe as the one people fit to produce just laws. Dickie, John. As Paul J. Vanderwood has shown, the marginalized rural poor fomented disorder, including bandit attacks, and profited from the resulting conflict. More than most other social phenomena, the characterization of banditry depends upon how it is approached. Contemporaries regarded bandits as archenemies of the state and a threat to divine order, denying the state monopoly over the possession of arms and sinning against God's eighth commandment. Braudel, Fernand. Terror and violence often had a personal element. Nor was it because they lived or died "nobly." For this reason he was highly esteemed by the poor of Naples. The unduly positive images of historical bandits generated in folklore were offset by the negative images from politically motivated government sources. Campbell, John. Privateers sometimes went beyond their commissions, attacking vessels that didnt belong to the targeted country. 2d ed. Zugasti, de, J. El Bandolerismo Andaluz. Women played only a minor role in banditry. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style.